![]() ![]() The PFC is crucial for abstract, rule-guided behavior in primates and for switching rapidly between memory strategies in rats. The neuronal mechanisms that coordinate these multiple memory systems are not fully known, but converging evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is central. Although these memory systems function in parallel ( Packard and McGaugh, 1996), they can also interact competitively or synergistically ( Kim and Ragozzino, 2005). Thus, egocentric or stimulus–response associations require striatal circuits, whereas spatial or episodic learning requires hippocampal circuits ( Packard et al., 1989). When a rat selects an arm in a plus maze, for example, the choice can be guided by distinct neural systems ( White and Wise, 1999) that encode different relationships among perceived stimuli, actions, and reward. Multiple memory systems are distinguished by different sets of neuronal circuits and operating principles optimized to solve different problems across mammalian species ( Tulving and Schacter, 1994).
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